The Problem Of White Collar Criminality - 918 Words

White-collar criminality is generally considered to be crimes of the rich and powerful. It can be extremely hard to study the levels of these types of crimes due to many reasons. These can include the idea that they usually go under the radar because nobody suspects respectable conformers to commit a crime and suffer the possible loss of attained assets. The notion of sample bias also comes into play as it a vast area of criminal statistics exclude upper class crimes. Lastly because the upper class are seen to be ‘immune because of the class bias of the courts and thei[r own personal] power’. (Sutherland: 2004: 7) The differential association theory is in some ways flawed as the heart of Sutherland’s (1939) approach is based on the concept of learning amongst people who share the same anti criminal or pro criminal values and attitudes. In white collar crime, the offender is typically well educated and has been brought up in groups with anti-criminal values. ‘Are we dealing with crimes committed for or against organizations?’ (Nelken: 2002: 851) This must mean that the process of learning has happened in some other way. Sutherland’s (1939) research prompted other criminologists to develop his ideas to try and fill in the loopholes. Akers and Burgess (1996) expanded on Sutherland’s (1939) ideas and so, sculpted the social learning theory which also looked at psychological aspects of criminality. It was based on the differential association theory and operant conditioningShow MoreRelatedWhite Collar and Corporate Crime Pose for Explanations of Criminality1010 Words   |  4 PagesWhat Kinds of Problems do White Collar and Corporate Crime Pose for Explanations of Criminality Until relatively recently, the concept of the criminal was that of a person who, somehow disadvantaged and disenfranchised from society, decided to ignore societal laws and concentrate on increasing his personal worth at the expense of society. The idea of the criminal as the outsider became an accepted part of criminological theory, so much so that almost all modern theories of criminology focus onRead MoreWhite Collar Crime And Criminal Behavior1534 Words   |  7 Pagescrime and those at risk of criminal behaviour. White collar crime is a term founded less than a century ago within 1939 by Edwin Sutherland. He identified white collar crime as crime committed by a person of respectability and high social status in the course of his occupation (Hirschi, 1987, pg 953). Sutherland strived to explain all types of crimes. He proposed that crime occurred beyond the streets, within the business and politic realm. White collar crimes differ heavily from street crime, asRead MoreAn Extend ed And Restorative Version Of Chambliss 1978 Work968 Words   |  4 Pagesapparent, Chambliss’s aim was to find out what similarities credited local, state and national political figures share. He speculates that all of these political figures have, to some extent been involved with a form of white collar crime. Chambliss focuses on Seattle’s history of white collar crime and political corruption throughout adjoining its associations with bureaucracy, politics and power. With the intention to gain clarification and substance behind his given argument. In Seattle, WashingtonRead MoreWhite Collar Crime Theories, Laws, and Processes785 Words   |  3 PagesWhite Collar Crime Theories, Laws, and Processes Name Tutor Course Title Date Submitted White Collar Crime Theories, Laws, and Processes: The term white collar crime was first introduced by Edwin Sutherland, a criminologist and sociologist, in 1939. The criminologist defined the term as offenses committed by individuals of respectability and high social status while in their different occupations. He also included criminal offenses carried out by corporations and other lawful organizationsRead MoreFederal Bureau of Investigation and White Collar Crimes1927 Words   |  8 Pagesï » ¿White Collar Crime White Collar Crime White Collar Crimes are those illegal acts which are characterized by deceit, concealment, or violation of trust and which are not dependent upon the application or threat of physical force or violence. Individuals and organizations commit these acts to obtain money, property, or services; to avoid the payment or loss of money or services; or to secure personal or business advantage. ~Federal Bureau of Investigation More citizens around the world in theRead MorePrisoners Rights954 Words   |  4 Pagesprison inmates and nearly half of all state prisoners are white or white Hispanic, not African American. More than four out of 10 prisoners were raised in two-parent families, and more than half had fulltime jobs before their arrest† (Society, 2013). Most people lose focus of the different kinds of criminals including white collar crime. â€Å"It’s important to understand that as white collar crimes evolved over the years, so too has the white collar criminal. It is this phenomenon that criminologistsRead MoreThe Growing Problem of White Collar Crimes in India19963 Words   |  80 PagesThe Growing Problem of White Collar Crimes in India â€Å"The practitioners of evil, the hoarders, the profiteers, the black marketers and speculators are the worst enemies of our society. They have to be dealt with sternly, however well placed important and influential they may be; if we acquiesce in wrongdoing, people will lose faith in us†- Dr Radhakrishnan Methodology The research methodology used for the present research article is traditional DoctrinalRead MoreWhite Collar Crime941 Words   |  4 PagesA present day study of the term white collar crime, is as controversial as it is general. If you log onto the F.B.I. website to see a host of crimes ranging from health care fraud to computer fraud. (www.fbi.gov) Criminologists, with a focus on the law, contend that many of the behaviors society believes to be white collar crimes are in fact not crimes at all. Without a statute to define a behavior as a criminal violation of law, behaviors could be labeled by individual standards rather than inRead MoreWhite Collar Crimes And Street Crimes1083 Words   |  5 PagesWhite-collar crimes are just as prevalent today as ordinary street crimes. Studies show that criminal acts committed by white-collar criminals continue to increase due to unforeseen opportunities presented in the corporate world, but these crimes are often overlooked or minimally pub licized in reference to criminal acts on the street. Many street crimes are viewed as unnecessary, horrendous crimes because they are committed by lower class citizens, whereas white collar crimes are illegal acts committedRead MoreThe General Strain Theory, And General Integrated Theory853 Words   |  4 Pageslead to criminality but the greater the negative reaction, the higher the probability for criminality. Also, a negative reaction perpetuates further negative reactions which leads to a higher probability of criminal activities, especially if social bonds and attachments are low (Heidt Wheeldon, 2015). Problems with Integrations One of the problems with the cross-level theory is that it focuses exclusively on street behavior while completely ignoring crimes such as white collar or corporate

Knowledge of Group Processes - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 6 Words: 1819 Downloads: 5 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Management Essay Type Essay any type Did you like this example? DEMONSTRATE KNOWLEDGE OF GROUP PROCESSES 1.0 Describe clearly two situations one of which describes a situation where a group is clearly appropriate and another where a group is clearly inappropriate or each situations describe clearly explain the situation and analyse why it is appropriate / inappropriate. Ans. Appropriate group: Appropriate group is a group in which a team is required for a particular work or task for example Nike. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Knowledge of Group Processes" essay for you Create order Nike produce different products like footwear, bags and cloths etc. So they require different sections for different work for example Manager, Accountant, Chief Operating officer (CEO) and labour etc. Inappropriate group: Inappropriate is a group in which a single person can do any work and task so there is no need of any team for example teacher. A single teacher can teach any particular subject so there is no group of teachers required for teaching a single subject. 2.0 Discuss a minimum five advantage and five dis-advantage of working in groups. This may include answers such as synergy, quality of decisions, commitment to decision, relationship building, task familiarity, task complexity. Ans. Advantage of group: Better ideas: Members of different skills are able to come up with more effective solution of any problem. Better outcomes: A group can bring additional resources to develop and contribute to poor person to reduce risk of further monitoring because teamwork can lead to better business results. Mutual support: In group people can encourage each other and they can support one other so they can excess any work. More achievements: Different minds have different ideas so a member in group can achieve specific goal more effectively. Skill development: Being a part of multicultural group a person can gain more skills such as speaking, listening and leadership and more will help you to develop your personal skills. Disadvantage of group: Fair share: In a group some worker do more work than others so there will be some misunderstanding between the member of group and the whole group will agonise. Preventive creativity: In a group a person will focus on a particular concept in which a person can fit so the creativity will be limited. Understanding problems: In a multicultural group, some people can’t understand what other member want’s to say for example Chinese are not good in speaking English so it is very hard to understand what he wants to say. Time taking: In a group everyone has different mind so they think differently and it will be time consuming to take a quality decision in a group. Personal issues: In a group there will be many personal issues for example some member of a group will be abusive and more dependent to others so it will be an issue in a group. 3.0 Utilising Hackman’s Model of group effectiveness, discuss the key factors that influence group of effectiveness. Ans. 4.0 Briefly describe a formal group which you have been a member of. Clearly describe its organisational context. Ans. At the time I am working in a European restaurant and its name is Libertine. In a restaurant different skilled people required for different work for example chef for cooking, manager for managing restaurant, kitchen hand for helping chef, waiter for serving and a person for receiving bills. Every person’s contribution is important otherwise restaurant will shut down. Without a single section restaurant will not run so it is a very good example of group work. 5.0 Identify the group goals and norms that are operating within your group? Ans. Group goals: 1. Customer satisfaction: It is a very important to give full satisfaction to a customer with the service and excellent food provided. 2. Friendly Environment: I n a restaurant there will be good ambience and good interaction between customers and staff so they can improve the way of service. 3. Improving sales: The target of the restaurant is repeating customers and attracting more customers to increase the sales by providing good food and service. Group norms: Norms are the behaviour and models which are establish and accepted by all the team members. If the group either implicitly or explicitly develops positive work norms the group would work toward greater chances of being an effective group like as per the case study they all are seemed to work together on all assignments. There seemed to be a laughter in the group and some time it could be quite disruptive to others in the room trying to study. 6.0 Identify both the Task and Maintenance roles exhibited by all participants within your group? Summarise by explaining the overall effect of these roles on the groups functioning. Ans. Task roles: Task roles are the roles that in itiate to get the job done. In a restaurant there are different tasks to do. The role of head chef is maintain food quality and taste and also introducing different menu on some special occasions and most important is health and safety of staff members. On the other hand Manager Role is to manage restaurant and take quick actions on any deterioration and accountant part is to give wages to the employees on time. Maintenance roles: Maintenance roles are the tasks provide oil in machine by encouraging people by mentally or emotionally. In a restaurant there are different maintenance roles like gatekeeper, his job is to welcome customer in a restaurant and at the end give farewell to the customer. Also the role of manager is to encourage staff and to give specific work to person his job is to manage overload of work on a single employee. 7.0 Explain the main leadership style that is used within your group. Additionally explain two different leadership styles from group that you h ave been a member of comparing these to your main group. Ans. The main leader of a restaurant is Manager he plays different roles in a restaurant. His job is to monitoring less wastage in a restaurant and managing work schedule for kitchen staffs. Also his work is to arrange health and safety equipment for staff and customers. He has to check freshness of delivered food and product and maintain budget of wages and product. If any customer give negative feedback than manager has to take quick action and to recover what is wrong as well as he has to maintain records and standard of a restaurant. Most important work of a manager is to make successful menu and appropriate price of the dishes. 8.0 Explain a minimum of three decision making styles used in your group comparing their effect on the functioning of the group? Ans. The three decision making styles are: Decision by command: Group leader uses his information he possess to solve the problem. He/she does not consult inf ormation in any form with anyone. The manager examines all the relevant option and has enough information to make an effective decision. Decision by compromise: In decision of this type many member of group will not satisfy with the decision but due to some situation they have to make compromise with their decision. At the end the results was always good but not the best. Decision by analysis: Sometime a leader does not possess enough information to decide, then they will need to obtain more information and skills. He cannot tell what the problem is; usually, they just ask for information. Then leader evaluates the information and makes an effective decision. 9.0 Identify the potential consequences of groupthink on the process of effective decision making within your group. Describe any two possible strategy to avoid group-think and their effect on the functioning of the group? Ans. 10. Explain using a model of group development the group processes that have occurred within your group? Ans. Development stages of a group: Forming: At this stage all team members are positive and polite. The entire team will work as it is not some concern. Others are simply excited about the task ahead. Team members, roles and tasks are not clear, because as a leader, you play a leading role at this stage. People start to work as in this stage, may continue for some time, and they get to recognise new partner as an effort to. Storming: Team members natural style is a conflict between works, which often starts storming. People can work in different ways, but different working styles cause the problem worse, they may be upset. Norming: Now your team members know each other better, that they can trace together, and they ask each other for help and are able to give positive suggestions. The team with a strong assurance to the goal of development, and also to begin to see progress. Performing: Work hard to achieve the goal of the team without abrasion, le ads the team reaches the stage performing. Group have set up a good support, the structure and function. Adjouring: At this stage the task was successfully completed. Its purpose has been achieved and everyone feel good about it. As an organisational prospective new things can move on. 11. Utilising Hofstede’s model, identify a minimum of three cultural influences on your groups functioning. Clearly explain how each cultural influences affects the groups functioning? Ans. 12. Describe both the positive and negative effects of conflict on the functioning of your group. Ans. Frequently angry disagreement, which results in strong difference between groups is known as group conflict. Positive effects of conflict: Upgraded results: Work for the team most often reference for a confident amount of growth and quality of ideas within a group share. Furthermore, the work of the team members to discuss their ideas and have the chance to argue their strength or weak ness. The best ideas and most creative solutions to the problems that can be apply on it. Collective work: Working with other employees within the work group often identified advantage of the stock. Decisions are made à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¹Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¹and work for the formation of a single work of any member of a team is not overcome by his personal liability for that, therefore employees can share the bond for the work. Negative effects of conflict: Self-management: Self-management may be requested and for some team interaction, lack of organizational support or both cannot meet the challenge so it can cause less production. Team clash: To work in a team to get close to other people is a major loss that social activity can cause struggles. Proximity of the group work the employee was working alone, you make it even more important than the nature of the rejection can failure. Exclusions rise within a group when they still have the promise of work and responsibility, si nce only one other partner cannot ignore. 13. Describe how each of the following strategy offset the impact of conflict within your group? Provide examples where appropriate? (a) Accommodation. (b) Avoidance. (c) Compromise. (d) Competition. (e) Collaboration. 14. Identify a minimum of two preferred conflict management styles based on your cultural preferences. Discuss these styles in the context of the impact on managing conflict within your group. Ans.

Taking a Look at Euthanasia - 537 Words

Euthanasia, or â€Å"good death,† refers to the practice of deliberately ending a life in order to relieve pain and suffering. Euthanasia’s applications include physician-assisted suicide and mercy killing. Advocates claim that patients have the right to choose a quick, dignified death over a life of â€Å"suffering.† Suffering encompasses multiple descriptions, from terminal illness to congenital disorders, such as Down Syndrome—even though it is proven that people with such disorders can live a fulfilling life. In opposition to its proponents, Natural Law theorists consider euthanasia immoral. Natural Law Theory is a normative moral theory that presupposes a teleological view of nature. A teleological view of nature, popularized by Plato and Aristotle, contends that all natural things have purposes and it is natural for them to achieve those purposes. Any interferences on life’s natural purposes, including euthanasia, are erroneous on moral grounds. In addition, the doctrine of double effect clarifies that any positive effects of euthanasia does not outweigh the forbiddances of the action. Essentially, Natural Law protests euthanasia as it interferes with life’s natural purposes and does not meet the criteria for acceptance under the doctrine of double effect. As a moral theory, Natural Law theory holds that what is moral is consistent with the natural purposes of human nature. Natural Law maintains that euthanasia fails to achieve human purposes, rending the action invalid on aShow MoreRelatedTaking a Look at Euthanasia710 Words   |  3 PagesEuthanasia can be done by veterinarians to your pets when they are old and in pain due to a disease, but what about humans? Euthanasia is the process of which one intentionally ends a life in the hopes of relieving a suffering that otherwise would be too much to bear for the patient. It is usually talked about when someone is inflicted with a terminal illness, or an illness with which there is no cure. They will have bouts of uncontrollable and excruciating pain but no way to control it. Many ofRead MoreTaking a Look at Euthanasia1787 Words   |  7 PagesThe term Euthanasia was originated from the Greek word â€Å"good death†. However, there is constant debate on whether or not this  "good death† is morally right and thus has become an issue of much controversy. Euthanasia is the act or practice of killing or permitting the death of a hopelessly sick or injured individuals in a relatively painless way for reasons of mercy (Mirriam-Webster). This topic is especially sensitive among the general public because it involves a choice of life and death for aRead MoreTaking a Look at Euthanasia1803 Words   |  7 PagesThe word euthanasia has its origin millennia ago in Ancient Greece, where it means literally the good death. However, in todays society, there are deeper and more layers of meaning to euthanasia than before. There are three basic types of euthanasia: voluntary, non-voluntary and involuntary. Voluntary euthanasia concerns itself with the express wish of a mentally competent person to die through the assistance of others. Voluntary euthanasia can further be divided into two categories: passive voluntaryRead MoreTaking a Look at Euthanasia695 Words   |  3 PagesThe word ‘euthanasia’ comes from Greek and means ‘pleasant death’. It typically refers to the killing of a person for their own good, usually to end their suffering. Medically assisted suicide, where doctors help patients to die or actually kill them, is legal in a number of European countries, including Belgium and the Netherlands. Euthanasia is a highly complex issue involving difficult questions regarding the role of modern government and the rights of individual citizens. The central argumentRead MoreTaking a Look at Euthanasia1733 Words   |  7 PagesEuthanasia, also commonly referred to as ‘mercy killing’, and ‘assisted suicide’, has been and continues to be the subject to moral, legal, religious and political debates around the world. At the core of debate lies to competing values between the right for every individual to decide to die with dignity when suffering, and the need to uphold the right to life. (Australian Human Rights Commission. 1996) The purpose of this task is to critically analyse the nature and extent of euthanasia and whetherRead MoreTaking a Look at Voluntary Euthanasia1015 Words   |  4 Pageschemotherapy and taking various sorts of drug. The point when slightest wanted, you end up lying on the floor hacking up blood. Notwithstanding youre at the healing center and the specialists are providing for you a desire of six to eight months to live. Mindful that the growth has compound and it is just a mat ter of time before death, you choose you probably wont have any desire to experience any longer ache or enduring. You, then, propose willful extermination to the specialist. Euthanasia, otherwiseRead MoreEssay on Christians Response to the Issue of Euthanasia1616 Words   |  7 PagesChristians Response to the Issue of Euthanasia Euthanasia is currently a highly debated topic for many Christians and in this section of my coursework I will be looking at how Christians may respond to the question of it. However before I explore or begin to explain how a Christian may respond, I need to explore how Christians make their moral decisions. Christians use a number of sources to make decisions or discuss moral issues such as euthanasia. The first of these is theRead More Euthanasia Should Not Be Legal Essay1056 Words   |  5 Pages Euthanasia is a word that comes from ancient Greece and it refers to â€Å"good death†. In the modern societies euthanasia is defined as taking away people’s lives who suffer from an incurable disease. They usually go through this process by painlessness ways to avoid the greatest pains that occurs from the disease. A huge number of countries in the World are against euthanasia and any specific type of it. One of the most important things being discussed nowadays is whether euthanasia should beRead MoreWhat Makes A Human Being A Person?937 Words   |  4 Pagessmall topics of Bioethical issues is euthanasia and whether or not it is okay for anyone to partake in it. Euthanasia is the act of either passively or actively taking a person’s live. Another type of euthanasia is called voluntary euthanasia, which could also be called as sisted suicide. It is morally okay to take person’s life if they asked for help. Therefore, euthanasia is morally okay. What makes a human a person plays a role in the moral judgement of euthanasia because it is up to the person whoRead MoreExploring the Different Types of Euthanasia Essay1245 Words   |  5 Pagescontroversy begins, and morals become touchy issues for most people. Should euthanasia be an alternative to end pain, and suffering in certain circumstances; or is euthanasia a mindless, selfish means to an end. Even worse; could euthanasia be considered an act of murder? In the first article I read â€Å"Euthanasia, Ethics and Public Policy: An Argument Against Legislation† by John Keown. According to Keown the term euthanasia can be defined as, â€Å"The active, intentional termination of a patient’s life

Developing Sustaining An Corporate Culture -Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Developing Sustaining An Corporate Culture? Answer: Introduction The above mentioned case study is about the ethical dilemma of supporting child labor in order to enhance the yearly revenue of an Organization. A product manager of a company, which sells chocolate sweets that include with small plastic toys, visited a Thailand toy manufacturer to finalize a two years old contract. There he came to know that in Thailand the toys are supplied at a much cheaper rate compared to any other global supplier, without compromising with the quality of the Toys. In order to check the reliability of the fact, the product manager urged to see the process of production of the toys. Surprisingly he found that instead of getting manufactured in a workshop, the toys are assembled by poor families including children. The manager evidenced a large family along with children of age between 5 to 14 years is assembling the toys for a prolonged time. The manufacturer of the toys stated the manager that this method of manufacturing that includes child labor is well established in Thailand since it reduce the production cost while maintaining the quality of the product. Considering the fact that finalizing this deal will ensure cost saving of his company, the manager completed the paper work. However, while purchasing souvenirs for his seven years old nieces, the act of supporting the unethical practice of child labor for financial enhancement of his business seemed unethical to the manager. The toy manufacturing company of Thailand engages child labor for toy production to lower the production cost while enhancing their market. While due to low supply cost of the toys, the confectionary company will evidence a crucial enhancement in the annual revenue, the future of the children working there for the production of the toys will get ruined[1]. Thus, in order to eradicate this evil practice, confectionary companies like the one mentioned in the case study needs to stop purchasing product from the toy producers in spite of getting the toys at a lower price. Who cares whose shares? This case study is about two ethical dilemmas faced by a regional marketing director of one of the biggest pharmaceutical companies of the world named PharmChemCo (PCC). The high demand of PCC in global stock market has not only enhanced the bank balance of the marketing director but also made him a successful stock market investor. The fact that a huge amount of the directors bonuses has been paid by PCC in the stock market is a major reason behind his success in the professional field. However, in a recent meeting, the manager has came to know that Scientist from a leading university in US has found that the best selling herbicides of PCC contains fatal side effect. Considering the fact that this news will soon get publish a renowned magazine, the stock market value of PCC will certainly go down. All the managers are instructed to keep the news confidential so that PCC can find out strategies to deal with the situation[2]. Since the marketing director has invested a huge amount of money on PCC in the stock exchange, in order to save himself from the huge loss, he has decided to sell his share before the news break out[3]. However, the buyer of the stock will suffer a huge loss in near future. The decision of selling a stock, backed by a huge loss of money to an individual, intentionally, can be seen as an ethical dilemma. Along with that, it will be unethical to use the confidential about knowledge for personal benefit especially when it will cause huge loss to the company. Moreover, his best friend Freddie had also invested his own money heavily on PCC along with advising his clients with major funds to invest on the same. This situation has given rise to another major ethical dilemma. If the Marketing director informs his best friend Freddie about the research about PCC, Freddie will not only sell his own shares of PCC, but will also advice all his clients and to do the same before the article about the research is published. This unexpected drop of share price even before the publication of the research article will impose a highly negative impact on PCC. Being the marketing director of PCC, the act of leaking the companys confidential information will be an unethical and illegal act for the marketing director. However, if he doesnt inform his best friend Freddie, that individual, along with the clients to whom he had suggested to invest will suffer a huge loss. This in turn, may impose adverse effect on the friendship between Freddie and the director. Off your face on Facebook This case study contains ethical dilemma associated with appointing new employees in a Pharmaceutical organization. The Human Resource Manager of AllCure Pharmaceuticals requires appointing an employee for a very crucial post. The post demands high reliability, skills and working attitude. Along with this, the employee needs to have social skills to maintain good relation between the approving authorities, clinics and departments in the organization. Among the three selected well-qualified candidates, two freshly graduated really good applicants were chosen on the basis of their skills and knowledge. Both of the candidates were female. However, in order to determine their social communication skill the manager checked both of the candidates social media accounts. From the Facebook profile of the 1st candidate, it was found that she is very sociable and a well travelled person. However, the Face book account of the second candidate was very difficult to trace and finally when the Face book account was found, several shirtless pictures of the candidate while partying along with her habit to use alcohol and illegal drugs in high amount was discovered. However, during the interview, the performance of the second candidate was slightly better than that of the 1st candidate[4]. The decision of whether to appoint the second candidate based on her interview or not has given rise to an ethical dilemma[5]. If the manager chose to appoint her based on her professional skills and overlooking her social acts, there will be a risk of bad impression of the company in case if her pictures get leaked. The decision becomes more complex since the company needs a highly sensitive and contentious individual for the post. It will also impose negative impact on the patients and other employees of the organization. On the other hand, it may fall under unethical act to reject a candidate by stalking her Facebook account and on the basis of her personal activities especially when she the most deserving one on the basis of the interview conducted. Organic food-what is an organic label really worth? This case study deals with the ethical issues associated with unethical marketing fake organic products. While consumers of Europe and America spend a premium amount on organic products, they are often misguided by the food producing organization. The department of Agriculture in US allows organic products that are 95 percent organic to use the organic tag. However, a majority of those products contain flavor enhancing natural ingredients, monosodium glutamate and carrageen which according to some individuals cause health hazards. Moreover, in several cases conventionally modified seeds often get combined with organic products and initiatives are taken in order to stop this are still rare. In spite of the fact that the net worth of organic marketing industry of America and Europe is 40 billion dollar per year, in 2007, the organic certificate of several dairy suppliers of US was taken back due to marketing inorganic milk as organic milk[6]. In 2009, Americas food industry was detected of marketing Soymilk as organic milk. Cases of marketing inorganic eggs as organic eggs have also being reported by German industries. While several countries have strict regulations about selling organic products, the major ethical issues faced by those countries are miserable treatment with animals in the firms. While Italy has become a crucial center of producing and issuing fake organic certificates, the certifying system of China associated with Organic products is not reliable at all. According to the survey conducted by USDA, the production of Organic product requires much larger area compared to the space required to produce conventional product. Therefore, in order to meet up the continuously increasing need of organic products in developing countries, farmers across the world are burning forests in order to turn the land into farmland[7]. This process, in turn, is causing harm to environment by emitting a huge amount of carbon dioxide. Along with that, this method is also hazardous for the species of the forests and water cycle. Therefore, in order to avoid this highly hazardous act of deforestation, organic firms should be allowed to use a little amount of pesticides. Uzbek cotton: a new spin on responsible sourcing? In this case study the ethical dilemma of boycotting Uzbekistans cotton due to prevalence of child labor has been discussed. The Government of Uzbekistan, a country with human rights violation, corruption and low level democracy, rigidly controls the overall cotton production using the Soviet-Style Quota system that ensure compulsory state purchase. The farmers are highly pressurized to meet the yearly target of cotton production. They suffer from exploitation, low pay. In order to fulfill the target production of the year, forced child labors is highly prevalent in Uzbekistan. The major reasons behind involving children in cotton productions are lack of advanced technologies which ensure manual labor, high pressure from government to meet the target and urge to earn money since the amount of money paid to the farmer is very low. During the harvesting season, schools remain closed and the children are forced to work in the field for a daily pay as less as 40 cents. They even have to pay for their own food and transport and in most of the cases they are often left with no money even after investing tremendous labor for the whole day. In addition to the child labor issue, human right violation and environmental destruction have been raised against Uzbekistans cotton production strategy in the 2005 report named White Gold: The True Cost of Cotton. In order to eradicate the issues, the Environmental Justice Foundation repeatedly requested the International Business Community to ban Uzbekistans cotton. However, according to the community, it will be difficult to detect the source of cotton due to the complexity of the supply chain. Due to continuous pressure on clothing industries, in 2007, two well-known companies banned Uzbekistan cotton. Slowly the trend spread among several clothing companies and finally in 2008 the Government o Uzbekistan announced ban to child labor up to the age of 16. However, in the fields of Uzbekistan, the problem of forced child labor was still there. In 2011, Responsible Sourcing Network, a NGO, launched a cotton pledge to intensify the boycott[8]. As a result of this, 150 companies, including popular apparel companies like Zara, Gucci and Adidas participated in this movement which in turn compelled the government of Uzbekistan to announce that school children should not be allowed to pick cotton. However, soon it was found that Uzbekistans Government had started employing older children of age between 15 to 18 years along with Organizational employees like teachers, nurses and doctors for Cotton Harvesting. Therefore, the pledge was extended to stop forced adult labor and in 2013 the Uzbekistans Government finally allowed International Labor Organization to monitor the cotton harvest. In spite of the ban of Uzbeks cotton in western countries due to forced child and adult labor, Uzbekistans Government is now targeting eastern clothing industries like China, Bangladesh and South Korea. The growing demand for cotton in the eastern clothing industries has provided the Uzbek government the opportunity to reinforce forced child and adult labor. Besides that, considering the fact that spinning mills combines a number of cottons, it is nearly impossible to guarantee that Uzbeks cotton has not been used. In spite of the fact that methods of tracing cotton supply in western apparel companies are still improving, till now, there is no guarantee that the pledge is effectively maintained. Reference List: Bazoche, P. et al,Willingness To Pay For Pesticide Reduction In The EU: Nothing But Organic?(2018) Ford, Robert C. and Woodrow D. Richardson Richardson,Ethical Decision Making: A Review Of The Empirical Literature(9th ed, 2012) Huijsmans, Roy and Simon Baker,Child Trafficking: Worst Form Of Child Labour, Or Worst Approach To Young Migrants?(2018) Janssen, Meike and Ulrich Hamm,Product Labelling In The Market For Organic Food: Consumer Preferences And Willingness-To-Pay For Different Organic Certification Logos(2018) Schwartz, Mark S.,Developing And Sustaining An Ethical Corporate Culture: The Core Elements(2018) Shapiro, Joan Poliner and Jacqueline Anne Stefkovich,Ethical Leadership And Decision Making In Education(Routledge, 2016) Thiel, Chase E. et al,Leader Ethical Decision-Making In Organizations: Strategies For Sensemaking(1st ed, 2012) Turker, Duygu and Ceren Altuntas,Sustainable Supply Chain Management In The Fast Fashion Industry: An Analysis Of Corporate Reports(201